summary
Taxonomy is a hierarchical system to classify and identify living organisms.
This system was created in the 18th century by a swedish botanist, Carl Linnaeus.
The classic classification offers a hierarchy codified into 7 main ranks :
Kingdom ⤑ Phylum ⤑ Class ⤑ Order ⤑ Family ⤑ Genus ⤑ Species
Complete hierarchy of taxonomic ranks
Superkingdom Kingdom Subkingdom Branch Infrakingdom Superphylum Phylum Subphylum Infraphylum Microphylum Superclass Class Subclass Infraclass Subterclass Superorder Order Suborder Infraorder Microorder Superfamily Family Subfamily Tribus Subtribus Genus Subgenus Section Subsection Species Subspecies Variety Subvariety Forma Subforma
classification of Sphaerocypraea incomparabilis
NB : there are only 6 specimens (~ 10,000€)
NB very similar looking shells may belong to completely different families ☹ (the modern classification of living organisms is no longer based on the morphological resemblance of the shells but on the degree of genetic appearance of the animal).
Family names end with the ending "idae". We form them by adding this form to the root of the name of the genus-type. Example : typical genus name : Murex, family name : Muricidae. subfamilies ending is "inae". Example Muricinae. Superfamilies have the ending "acea" or "idea". Example : Muricacea or Muricoidea.
Most collectors classify their shells by families (Conidae, Cassidae,...) and use the binary nomenclature where the name of a species contains two words : the name of the genus (with the first letter in capital letters) and the name of the species (all in lowercase). Example "Cassis cornuta". If you want to specify the subgenus and / or the subspecies, the name can contain up to four words. Example "Conus (Darioconus) crocatus pseudomagister" with the sub-genus in capital letters and in parentheses.
There are still other subtleties of nomenclature if the name is not of Latin origin but comes from a masculine proper noun (ending in "-i"), feminine proper name (ending in "-ae"), plural masculine proper names ( ending in "-orum") or plural feminine proper names (ending in "-arum").
Varieties or forms resulting from further division are designated by the abbreviations var. (= varietas) and placed after the name of the species. Finally, it is customary to add at the end the name of the scientist (s) who, the first, has (have) published the name describing the species, as well as the date. In addition, if a species is transferred from one genus to another (classification revision), the name and the date are in parentheses. Example : Conus (Darioconus) crocatus pseudomagister (Allary & Cossignani, 2016).
For historical reasons, there are still several names for the same shell (synonyms), the search for a species can therefore give variable results depending on the site. The "WORMS" site, which is the reference in terms of taxonomy, indicates all the known synonyms of a taxon.
There are some essential sites that describe a very large number of families with an impressive number of photos, it is very likely to find an unidentified seashell :
To do an identification search, you must therefore already have an idea of the family of the shell you are looking for. For this, the following website can provide a first indication, visually.
One can also appeal to the French forum of shell collectors made up of several passionate experts.
There is also a site that allows you to publish your own collection like these Conidae by Fabrice Prugnaud. In addition, it has a pretty impressive shape recognition function.
NB : the shells are graded as follows :
from GEM to F+ : adult shells (average size of the species) and collected alive
The quality and especially the size strongly influence the prices (ratio of 1 to 20 or more)
The modern classification of shells is no longer based solely on their external appearance but, rather, on the physiology of the mollusk inhabiting the shell. Thus, two very similar seashells are not necessarily of the same family and conversely, two seashells of the same family can have completely different shells ☹
Determining physiological factors for the classification of seashells:
The identification of a seashell therefore requires a good knowledge of its anatomy. ( gastropod, bivalve and cephalopod anatomy) and shell building process ( gastropod, bivalve and cephalopod shell)
Gastropods : careful observation of the characteristics below can sometimes provide the key to the problem :
NB The large Muricidae family includes totally different species. As a last resort, if not already done, check that the species sought is not listed.
be aware to the colors, same seashells species may have different colour shades (TheMediterranean cone shells, for instance, are so variable in color and shape that they were given almost 200 different scientific names before anyone realized that they all referred to one and the same species (Conus ventricosus)!
Also pay attention to the juvenile stages of the shells which, before reaching the adult stage, can have very different colors and shapes.
Bivalves : families identification keys :
NB The phylum Brachiopods contains species (lingulas, etc.) which should not be confused with bivalves (phylum molluscs) despite their apparent resemblance.
If all your identification searches fail it is because you have a rare or "freak" specimen (unlikely) or that your specimen is either "juvenile" or "beach" (more likely) :
Navigating seashell sites sometimes requires knowledge of the classification levels above "Family". Thus, the correspondence tables below make it easy to find the ancestors (L+1, L+2) of a family.
These tables also indicate for each family the following two pieces of information :
Gastropods : 574 families (excluding fossils) including 131 families of slugs (without a shell, therefore)
There are approximately 2700 (almost exclusively) terrestrial genus and 1620 aquatic genus (sea, fresh or brackish water). The genus Assiminea is the only one that exists in all possible environments.
There are 7 “Genus” (often having only one species or 3 at most) that are not part of any family or even superfamily. Below is a list of these species with their direct ancestors (sea slugs in italic):
Genus Enigmavasum ← Superfamily Neogastropoda incertae sedis
Enigmavasum enigmaticum
Genus Granulimax ← Order Systellommatophora
Granulimax fuscicornis
Genus Kynaria ← Superfamily Cladobranchia incertae sedis
Kynaria cynara
Genus Larochella ← Superfamily Cimoidea
Larochella alta
Larochella toreuma
Genus Pilula ← Superfamily Helicarionoidea
Pilula cardemoyi
Pilula mahesiana
Pilula praetumida
Genus Sahlingia ← Superfamily Vetigastropoda incertae sedis
Sahlingia xanderos
Genus Trivetta ← Suborder Nudibranchia incertae sedis
Trivetta papalotia
Below, the alphabetical list of "Families" with their ancestors "Super-family" (L+1) and "Order" (L+2).
These data are automatically extracted from the "Aphia" taxonomic database thanks to the web services provided by the WoRMS site (last update: January 2026).
NB The line unassigned families" indicates families whose status is "incertae sedis" ( [-] ).
each table has 4 columns with an header :
MBFT* Family ← Super-family ← Orderthe fourth column (parent of Superfamily) is generally "Order", but that's not always the case, so we add the rank name :
• Acmaeidae ← Lottioidea ← Patellogastropoda Subclass
If the rank Order is not yet unassigned (incertae sedis) one displays, between [ ], the parent rank name :
• Modulidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
If the rank Family or Super-family is not yet assigned, one displays [-] :
• Babyloniidae ← [-] ← Neogastropoda
If there is no Super-family, one displays an empty symbol (∅) :
• Globocornidae ← ∅ ← [ Superorder of Sorbeoconcha ]
Finally, the “unassigned families” list displays families whose status is "incertae sedis" ( [-] ) :
• [-] ← Acochlidioidea ← Acochlidiimorpha (Superorder)
• [-] ← ∅ ← Cephalaspidea
*MBFT ⇒ (marine brackish freshwater terrestrial)
The gray lines in italics are families with no shells (slugs)Click on a letter to hide/display the ancestors of families beginning with this letter.
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Abronicidae ← Fionoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Abyssochrysidae ← Abyssochrysoidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Acanthodorididae ← Onchidoridoidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
M Acanthomiridae ← Onchidoridoidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
T Acavidae ← Rhytidoidea ← Rhytidoidei Infraorder
T Achatinellidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
M T Achatinidae ← Achatinoidea ← Achatinina Suborder
T Aciculidae ← Cyclophoroidea ← Architaenioglossa Order
M Acmaeidae ← Lottioidea ← Nacellida Order
M F Acochlidiidae ← Acochlidioidea ← Acochlidiimorpha Superorder
F Acroloxidae ← Lymnaeoidea ← Hygrophila Superorder
M Acteonidae ← Acteonoidea ← Acteonimorpha Subterclass
M Actinocyclidae ← Chromodoridoidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
M Addisoniidae ← Lepetelloidea ← Lepetellida Order
M Aegiridae ← Onchidoridoidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
M Aeolidiidae ← Aeolidioidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
T Agardhiellidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
MB Aglajidae ← Philinoidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
T Agriolimacidae ← Limacoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
T Aillyidae ← Achatinoidea ← Achatinina Suborder
B T Aitengidae ← Acochlidioidea ← Acochlidiimorpha Superorder
MB Akeridae ← Akeroidea ← Aplysiida Order
M Akiodorididae ← Onchidoridoidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
M Alacuppidae ← Philinoidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
T Amastridae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
M Amathinidae ← Pyramidelloidea ← Pylopulmonata Superorder
F Amnicolidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
MB Amphibolidae ← Amphiboloidea ← Pylopulmonata Superorder
T Amphibulimidae ← Orthalicoidea ← Orthalicoidei Infraorder
F Amphimelaniidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
F Ampullariidae ← Ampullarioidea ← Architaenioglossa Order
MBF Ampullinidae ← Campaniloidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Anabathridae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Anadenidae ← Arionoidea ← Arionoidei Infraorder
M Anatomidae ← Scissurelloidea ← Lepetellida Order
M Ancillariidae ← Olivoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Angariidae ← Trochoidea ← Trochida Order
T Annulariidae ← Littorinoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Antarctophilinidae ← Philinoidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
M Apataidae ← Apataoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Aplustridae ← Acteonoidea ← Acteonimorpha Subterclass
MB Aplysiidae ← Aplysioidea ← Aplysiida Order
M Aporrhaidae ← Stromboidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Architectonicidae ← Architectonicoidea ← "Lower Heterobranchia" Infraclass
M Areneidae ← Trochoidea ← Trochida Order
T Argnidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
T Ariolimacidae ← Arionoidea ← Arionoidei Infraorder
T Arionidae ← Arionoidea ← Arionoidei Infraorder
T Ariophantidae ← Helicarionoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
M Arminidae ← Arminoidea ← Arminina Suborder
B Ascorhiidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Asperspinidae ← Parhedyloidea ← Acochlidiimorpha Superorder
MBFT Assimineidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Athoracophoridae ← Athoracophoroidea ← Succineoidei Infraorder
M Atlantidae ← Pterotracheoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Austrosiphonidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
T Azecidae ← Azecoidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Babakinidae ← Aeolidioidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Babyloniidae ← [-] ← Neogastropoda Order
F Baicaliidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
MB Barleeiidae ← Rissooidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Bathydeviidae ← ∅ ← [ Suborder of Nudibranchia ]
M Bathydorididae ← Bathydoridoidea ← Bathydoridoidei Infraorder
M Bathyhedylidae ← Acochlidioidea ← Acochlidiimorpha Superorder
MB Bathyphytophilidae ← Lepetelloidea ← Lepetellida Order
M Bathysciadiidae ← Cocculinoidea ← Cocculinida Order
MB Batillariidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
F Beddomeiidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Bellolividae ← Olivoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Belomitridae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Benthobiidae ← Olivoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
T Binneyidae ← Arionoidea ← Arionoidei Infraorder
BF Bithyniidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Boettgerillidae ← Limacoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
M Bornellidae ← Dendronotoidea ← Dendronotina Suborder
M Borsoniidae ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
T Bothriembryontidae ← Orthalicoidea ← Orthalicoidei Infraorder
M Bouchetispiridae ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Buccinanopsidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
MB Buccinidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
T Bulimulidae ← Orthalicoidea ← Orthalicoidei Infraorder
F Bulinidae ← Lymnaeoidea ← Hygrophila Superorder
M Bullidae ← Bulloidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
F Burnupiidae ← Lymnaeoidea ← Hygrophila Superorder
M Bursidae ← Tonnoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Busyconidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
F Bythinellidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Cadlinellidae ← Chromodoridoidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
M Cadlinidae ← Chromodoridoidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
MB Caecidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Caledoniellidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Caliphyllidae ← Plakobranchoidea ← Sacoglossa Superorder
M Calliostomatidae ← Trochoidea ← Trochida Order
M Calliotropidae ← Seguenzioidea ← Seguenziida Order
M Calmidae ← Fionoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
MB Calopiidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Calycidorididae ← Onchidoridoidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
M Calyptraeidae ← Calyptraeoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Camaenidae ← Helicoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
M Campanilidae ← Campaniloidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
T Canariellidae ← Helicoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
M Cancellariidae ← [-] ← Neogastropoda Order
M Capulidae ← Capuloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Carinariidae ← Pterotracheoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Caryodidae ← Rhytidoidea ← Rhytidoidei Infraorder
M Cassidae ← Tonnoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Cataegidae ← Seguenzioidea ← Seguenziida Order
M Cavoliniidae ← Cavolinioidea ← Euthecosomata Suborder
M Caymanabyssiidae ← Lepetelloidea ← Lepetellida Order
T Cepolidae ← Helicoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
T Cerastidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
T Cerionidae ← Urocoptoidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
MBF Cerithiidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
MB T Cerithiopsidae ← Triphoroidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Charitodoronidae ← Mitroidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Charoniidae ← Tonnoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Charopidae ← Punctoidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
M Chauvetiidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
BF Chilinidae ← Chilinoidea ← Hygrophila Superorder
M Chilodontidae ← Seguenzioidea ← Seguenziida Order
T Chondrinidae ← Chondrinoidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
M Choristellidae ← Seguenzioidea ← Seguenziida Order
M Chromodorididae ← Chromodoridoidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
T Chronidae ← Trochomorphoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
M Chudidae ← Chudoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Cimidae ← Cimoidea ← "Lower Heterobranchia" Infraclass
M Cingulopsidae ← Cingulopsoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Clathurellidae ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
T Clausiliidae ← Clausilioidea ← Clausilioidei Infraorder
T Clavatoridae ← Rhytidoidea ← Rhytidoidei Infraorder
M Clavatulidae ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
BF Clenchiellidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Cliidae ← Cavolinioidea ← Euthecosomata Suborder
M Clionidae ← Clionoidea ← Gymnosomata Suborder
M Cliopsidae ← Clionoidea ← Gymnosomata Suborder
M Cocculinellidae ← Lepetelloidea ← Lepetellida Order
M Cocculinidae ← Cocculinoidea ← Cocculinida Order
M Cochlespiridae ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
T Cochlicopidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
MBF Cochliopidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Cochlostomatidae ← Cyclophoroidea ← Architaenioglossa Order
T Coelociontidae ← Coelociontoidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
M Colidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Colinatydidae ← Cylichnoidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
M Colloniidae ← Trochoidea ← Trochida Order
M Colpodaspididae ← Philinoidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
M Colubrariidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Columbariidae ← Turbinelloidea ← Neogastropoda Order
MB Columbellidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Cominellidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Conidae ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Conorbidae ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Conradiidae ← Trochoidea ← Trochida Order
M Corambidae ← Onchidoridoidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
M Cornirostridae ← Valvatoidea ← "Lower Heterobranchia" Infraclass
M Coryphellidae ← Fionoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Costasiellidae ← Plakobranchoidea ← Sacoglossa Superorder
M Costellariidae ← Turbinelloidea ← Neogastropoda Order
T Craspedopomatidae ← Cyclophoroidea ← Architaenioglossa Order
M Creseidae ← Cavolinioidea ← Euthecosomata Suborder
M Cumanotidae ← Fionoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Curnonidae ← Proctonotoidea ← Janolina Suborder
M Cuthonellidae ← Fionoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
MB Cuthonidae ← Fionoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Cuvierinidae ← Cavolinioidea ← Euthecosomata Suborder
T Cyclodontinidae ← Orthalicoidea ← Orthalicoidei Infraorder
T Cyclophoridae ← Cyclophoroidea ← Architaenioglossa Order
MBF Cylichnidae ← Cylichnoidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
M Cylindrobullidae ← Oxynooidea ← Sacoglossa Superorder
M Cymatiidae ← Tonnoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Cymbuliidae ← Cymbulioidea ← Pseudothecosomata Suborder
M Cypraeidae ← Cypraeoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Cystiscidae ← Volutoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
T Cystopeltidae ← Punctoidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Dendrodorididae ← Phyllidioidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
M Dendronotidae ← Dendronotoidea ← Dendronotina Suborder
M Depressizonidae ← Scissurelloidea ← Lepetellida Order
M Desbruyeresiidae ← Abyssochrysoidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Desmopteridae ← Cymbulioidea ← Pseudothecosomata Suborder
M Dialidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Diaphanidae ← Cylichnoidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
T Diapheridae ← Streptaxoidea ← Achatinina Suborder
M Diastomatidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
T Diplommatinidae ← Cyclophoroidea ← Architaenioglossa Order
MB Dironidae ← Proctonotoidea ← Janolina Suborder
T Discidae ← Discoidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
M Discodorididae ← Doridoidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
M Dolicholatiridae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
T Dorcasiidae ← Rhytidoidea ← Rhytidoidei Infraorder
M Dorididae ← Doridoidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
M Doridomorphidae ← Heterodoridoidea ← Arminina Suborder
M Doridoxidae ← Heterodoridoidea ← Arminina Suborder
M Dotidae ← Dendronotoidea ← Dendronotina Suborder
T Draparnaudiidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
M F Drilliidae ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
T Dyakiidae ← Trochomorphoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Eatoniellidae ← Cingulopsoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Elachisinidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
MB T Ellobiidae ← Ellobioidea ← Ellobiida Order
T Elonidae ← Helicoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
M Emblandidae ← Rissooidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Embletoniidae ← Embletonioidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
F Emmericiidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Endodontidae ← Punctoidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
T Enidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
M Eoacmaeidae ← Lottioidea ← Nacellida Order
M Eocypraeidae ← Cypraeoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Eoscaphandridae ← Cylichnoidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
M Eosiphonidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Epigridae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Epiphragmophoridae ← Helicoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
T Epirobiidae ← Urocoptoidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
M Epitoniidae ← Epitonioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Eratoidae ← Velutinoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
F Erhaiidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
MB Eubranchidae ← Fionoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
T Eucalodiidae ← Urocoptoidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
T Euconulidae ← Trochomorphoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
M Eudaroniidae ← Seguenzioidea ← Seguenziida Order
M Eulimidae ← Vanikoroidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Facelinidae ← Aeolidioidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
MB Falsicingulidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Fasciolariidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
T Fauxulidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
T Ferussaciidae ← Achatinoidea ← Achatinina Suborder
M Ficidae ← Ficoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Fionidae ← Fionoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Fissurellidae ← Fissurelloidea ← Lepetellida Order
M Flabellinidae ← Aeolidioidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Flabellinopsidae ← Aeolidioidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
F Fontigentidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Forjacellidae ← Phyllidioidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
M Fusiturridae ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
T Gastrocoptidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
T Gastrodontidae ← Gastrodontoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
M Gastropteridae ← Philinoidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
T Geomitridae ← Helicoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
T Geotrochidae ← Trochomorphoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
F Glacidorbidae ← Glacidorboidea ← Pylopulmonata Superorder
M Glaucidae ← Aeolidioidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Globocornidae ← ∅ ← [ Superorder of Sorbeoconcha ]
M Goniaeolididae ← ∅ ← Janolina Suborder
MB Goniodorididae ← Onchidoridoidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
M Granulinidae ← Volutoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
T Hainesiidae ← Cyclophoroidea ← Architaenioglossa Order
M Haliotidae ← Haliotoidea ← Lepetellida Order
M Haloceratidae ← Capuloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
MB Haminoeidae ← Haminoeoidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
M Hancockiidae ← Dendronotoidea ← Dendronotina Suborder
M Hantazuidae ← Aeolidioidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
T Haplotrematidae ← Haplotrematoidea ← Oleacinoidei Infraorder
M Harpidae ← [-] ← Neogastropoda Order
M Hedylopsidae ← Acochlidioidea ← Acochlidiimorpha Superorder
T Helicarionidae ← Helicarionoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
M T Helicidae ← Helicoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
T Helicinidae ← Helicinoidea ← Cycloneritida Order
T Helicodiscidae ← Punctoidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
T Helicodontidae ← Helicoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
M Helicohedylidae ← Acochlidioidea ← Acochlidiimorpha Superorder
M Heliconoididae ← Limacinoidea ← Euthecosomata Suborder
BF Hemisinidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Hermaeidae ← Plakobranchoidea ← Sacoglossa Superorder
M Heroidae ← ∅ ← [ Suborder of Nudibranchia ]
M Heterodorididae ← Heterodoridoidea ← Arminina Suborder
M Hexabranchidae ← Chromodoridoidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
M Hipponicidae ← Hipponicoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Holospiridae ← Urocoptoidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
M Horaiclavidae ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Hyalocylidae ← Cavolinioidea ← Euthecosomata Suborder
M Hyalogyrinidae ← Valvatoidea ← "Lower Heterobranchia" Infraclass
MBF Hydrobiidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Hydrocenidae ← Hydrocenoidea ← Cycloneritida Order
MB Hydrococcidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Hydromylidae ← Hydromyloidea ← Gymnosomata Suborder
T Hygromiidae ← Helicoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
T Hypselostomatidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Ilbiidae ← Runcinoidea ← Runcinida Order
MB Iravadiidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Janolidae ← Proctonotoidea ← Janolina Suborder
M Juliidae ← Oxynooidea ← Sacoglossa Superorder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
T Labyrinthidae ← Helicoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
M Laginiopsidae ← Hydromyloidea ← Gymnosomata Suborder
M Laonidae ← Philinoidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
M Larocheidae ← Scissurelloidea ← Lepetellida Order
F Latiidae ← Chilinoidea ← Hygrophila Superorder
M Laubierinidae ← Tonnoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Lauriidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
M Lemindidae ← Proctonotoidea ← Janolina Suborder
M Lepetellidae ← Lepetelloidea ← Lepetellida Order
M Lepetidae ← Lepetoidea ← Nacellida Order
M Lepetodrilidae ← Lepetodriloidea ← Lepetellida Order
T Limacidae ← Limacoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
M Limacinidae ← Limacinoidea ← Euthecosomata Suborder
MB Limapontiidae ← Plakobranchoidea ← Sacoglossa Superorder
M Liotiidae ← Trochoidea ← Trochida Order
M Lironobidae ← Rissooidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
BF Lithoglyphidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
MB Litiopidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
F Litthabitellidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
MBFT Littorinidae ← Littorinoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Lomanotidae ← Dendronotoidea ← Dendronotina Suborder
M Lottiidae ← Lottioidea ← Nacellida Order
BF Lymnaeidae ← Lymnaeoidea ← Hygrophila Superorder
M Lyocyclidae ← ∅ ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
T Macrocyclidae ← Rhytidoidea ← Rhytidoidei Infraorder
M Madrellidae ← Proctonotoidea ← Janolina Suborder
M Magallanidae ← Fionoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
T Maizaniidae ← Cyclophoroidea ← Architaenioglossa Order
M Mancohedylidae ← Parhedyloidea ← Acochlidiimorpha Superorder
M Mandeliidae ← Phyllidioidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
M Mangeliidae ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Maningrididae ← Amphiboloidea ← Pylopulmonata Superorder
MB Margaritidae ← Trochoidea ← Trochida Order
M Marginellidae ← Volutoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Marginellonidae ← Volutoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Marisvalvatidae ← Valvatoidea ← "Lower Heterobranchia" Infraclass
M Marshallenidae ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Mathildidae ← Mathildoidea ← "Lower Heterobranchia" Infraclass
T Megalomastomatidae ← Cyclophoroidea ← Architaenioglossa Order
T Megaspiridae ← Orthalicoidea ← Orthalicoidei Infraorder
T Megomphicidae ← Rhytidoidea ← Rhytidoidei Infraorder
M Melanodrymiidae ← Neomphaloidea ← Neomphalida Order
BF Melanopsidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
MB Melongenidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
T Micractaeonidae ← Achatinoidea ← Achatinina Suborder
T Microcystidae ← Trochomorphoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
T Milacidae ← ∅ ← Limacoidei Infraorder
M Mitridae ← Mitroidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Mitromorphidae ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Mnestiidae ← Cylichnoidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
M Modulidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
F Moitessieriidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Murchisonellidae ← Murchisonelloidea ← Mesoneura Infraclass
MB Muricidae ← Muricoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Murmaniidae ← Fionoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Myrrhinidae ← Aeolidioidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Nacellidae ← Nacelloidea ← Nacellida Order
MBF Nassariidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
MB Naticidae ← Naticoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Neocyclotidae ← Cyclophoroidea ← Architaenioglossa Order
M Neolepetopsidae ← Lottioidea ← Nacellida Order
M Neomphalidae ← Neomphaloidea ← Neomphalida Order
MBFT Neritidae ← Neritoidea ← Cycloneritida Order
MBF Neritiliidae ← Helicinoidea ← Cycloneritida Order
M Neritopsidae ← Neritopsoidea ← Cycloneritida Order
M Newnesiidae ← Newnesioidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
M Newtoniellidae ← Triphoroidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Notaeolidiidae ← Notaeolidioidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Notobranchaeidae ← Clionoidea ← Gymnosomata Suborder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
T Odontocycladidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
T Odontostomidae ← Rhytidoidea ← Rhytidoidei Infraorder
T Oleacinidae ← Oleacinoidea ← Oleacinoidei Infraorder
M Olividae ← Olivoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Omalogyridae ← Omalogyroidea ← "Lower Heterobranchia" Infraclass
MB T Onchidiidae ← Onchidioidea ← Systellommatophora Order
MB Onchidorididae ← Onchidoridoidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
M Onchimiridae ← Onchidoridoidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
T Oopeltidae ← Punctoidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
M Orbitestellidae ← Orbitestelloidea ← "Lower Heterobranchia" Infraclass
T Orculidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
T Oreohelicidae ← Discoidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
T Orthalicidae ← Orthalicoidea ← Orthalicoidei Infraorder
M Osteopeltidae ← Lepetelloidea ← Lepetellida Order
MBF Otinidae ← Ellobioidea ← Ellobiida Order
M Ovulidae ← Cypraeoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Oxychilidae ← Gastrodontoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
M Oxynoidae ← Oxynooidea ← Sacoglossa Superorder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
BF Pachychilidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
T Pagodulinidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
F Paludomidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
T Papillodermatidae ← Papillodermatoidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
M Paracoryphellidae ← Fionoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Parhedylidae ← Parhedyloidea ← Acochlidiimorpha Superorder
T Parmacellidae ← ∅ ← Limacoidei Infraorder
T Partulidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
M Parvaplustridae ← Tjaernoeioidea ← Mesoneura Infraclass
M Paskentanidae ← Abyssochrysoidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Patellidae ← Patelloidea ← Patellida Order
M Pectinodontidae ← Lepetoidea ← Nacellida Order
M Peltospiridae ← Neomphaloidea ← Neomphalida Order
M Pelycidiidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Pendromidae ← Seguenzioidea ← Seguenziida Order
M Peraclidae ← Cymbulioidea ← Pseudothecosomata Suborder
M Personidae ← Tonnoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
MB Phasianellidae ← Trochoidea ← Trochida Order
M Phenacolepadidae ← Neritoidea ← Cycloneritida Order
M Philinidae ← Philinoidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
M Philinoglossidae ← Philinoidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
M Philinorbidae ← Philinoidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
T Philomycidae ← Arionoidea ← Arionoidei Infraorder
M Phyllidiidae ← Phyllidioidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
M Phylliroidae ← Dendronotoidea ← Dendronotina Suborder
F Physidae ← Lymnaeoidea ← Hygrophila Superorder
M Pickworthiidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Pinufiidae ← Fionoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Pisaniidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Piseinotecidae ← Aeolidioidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
MB Plakobranchidae ← Plakobranchoidea ← Sacoglossa Superorder
MB Planaxidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
F Planorbidae ← Lymnaeoidea ← Hygrophila Superorder
M Platyhedylidae ← Platyhedyloidea ← Sacoglossa Superorder
T Plectopylidae ← Plectopyloidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
M Plesiotrochidae ← Campaniloidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Pleurobranchaeidae ← Pleurobranchoidea ← Pleurobranchida Order
M Pleurobranchidae ← Pleurobranchoidea ← Pleurobranchida Order
F Pleuroceridae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
T Pleurodiscidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
T Pleurodontidae ← Helicoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
M Pleurolidiidae ← Aeolidioidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Pleurotomariidae ← Pleurotomarioidea ← Pleurotomariida Order
M Pneumodermatidae ← Clionoidea ← Gymnosomata Suborder
T Pollicariidae ← Cyclophoroidea ← Architaenioglossa Order
MB Polyceridae ← Polyceroidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
T Polygyridae ← Helicoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
T Pomatiidae ← Littorinoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
BFT Pomatiopsidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
MB Potamididae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
T Pristilomatidae ← Gastrodontoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
M Proctonotidae ← Proctonotoidea ← Janolina Suborder
M Prodotiidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
T Proserpinellidae ← Helicinoidea ← Cycloneritida Order
T Proserpinidae ← Helicinoidea ← Cycloneritida Order
M Prosiphonidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Provannidae ← Abyssochrysoidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Pseudococculinidae ← Lepetelloidea ← Lepetellida Order
M Pseudolividae ← Olivoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Pseudomelatomidae ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Pseudovermidae ← Fionoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Pseudunelidae ← Acochlidioidea ← Acochlidiimorpha Superorder
M Pterotracheidae ← Pterotracheoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Ptychatractidae ← Turbinelloidea ← Neogastropoda Order
T Punctidae ← Punctoidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
T Pupillidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
T Pupinidae ← Cyclophoroidea ← Architaenioglossa Order
MB Pyramidellidae ← Pyramidelloidea ← Pylopulmonata Superorder
T Pyramidulidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
M Pyramimitridae ← Mitroidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Pyropeltidae ← Lepetelloidea ← Lepetellida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Quijotidae ← Pleurobranchoidea ← Pleurobranchida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Ranellidae ← Tonnoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Raphitomidae ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Rastodentidae ← Cingulopsoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Rathouisiidae ← Veronicelloidea ← Systellommatophora Order
M Retimohniidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
MB Retusidae ← Bulloidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
M Rhizoridae ← Bulloidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
M Rhodopetalidae ← Lottioidea ← Nacellida Order
M Rhodopidae ← Rhodopoidea ← Mesoneura Infraclass
T Rhytididae ← Rhytidoidea ← Rhytidoidei Infraorder
M Ringiculidae ← Ringiculoidea ← Ringiculimorpha Superorder
M Rissoellidae ← Rissoelloidea ← Acteonimorpha Subterclass
MBFT Rissoidae ← Rissooidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Rissoinidae ← Rissooidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Rostellariidae ← Stromboidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Rubyspiridae ← Abyssochrysoidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Runcinidae ← Runcinoidea ← Runcinida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
T Sagdidae ← Sagdoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
M Samlidae ← Samloidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Scaliolidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Scaphandridae ← Philinoidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
M Scissurellidae ← Scissurelloidea ← Lepetellida Order
T Scolodontidae ← Scolodontoidea ← Scolodontina Suborder
T Sculptariidae ← Plectopyloidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
M Scyllaeidae ← Dendronotoidea ← Dendronotina Suborder
M Seguenziidae ← Seguenzioidea ← Seguenziida Order
M F Semisulcospiridae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Seraphsidae ← Stromboidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Sherborniidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Showajidaiidae ← Chromodoridoidea ← Doridoidei Infraorder
M Siliquariidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
T Simpulopsidae ← Orthalicoidea ← Orthalicoidei Infraorder
MB Siphonariidae ← Siphonarioidea ← Siphonariida Order
M Skeneidae ← Trochoidea ← Trochida Order
M Skeneopsidae ← Littorinoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Solariellidae ← Trochoidea ← Trochida Order
T Solaropsidae ← Sagdoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
T Spelaeoconchidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
T Spelaeodiscidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
T Sphincterochilidae ← Helicoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
T Spiraxidae ← Oleacinoidea ← Oleacinoidei Infraorder
M Spirostyliferinidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
F Squamapicidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Staffordiidae ← Trochomorphoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
BF Stenothyridae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Strepsiduridae ← [-] ← Neogastropoda Order
T Streptaxidae ← Streptaxoidea ← Achatinina Suborder
T Strobilopsidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
M Strombidae ← Stromboidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Strophocheilidae ← Rhytidoidea ← Rhytidoidei Infraorder
F Strubelliidae ← Acochlidioidea ← Acochlidiimorpha Superorder
M Struthiolariidae ← Stromboidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Succineidae ← Succineoidea ← Succineoidei Infraorder
M Sutilizonidae ← Lepetodriloidea ← Lepetellida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
F Tantulidae ← Acochlidioidea ← Acochlidiimorpha Superorder
MBF Tateidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Tecturidae ← Lottioidea ← Nacellida Order
M Tegulidae ← Trochoidea ← Trochida Order
MB Teinostomatidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Terebridae ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Tergipedidae ← Fionoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
T Testacellidae ← Testacelloidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
M Tethydidae ← Dendronotoidea ← Dendronotina Suborder
M Teuthirostriidae ← Cocculinoidea ← Cocculinida Order
M Thalassocyonidae ← Tonnoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
BF Thiaridae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Thieleidae ← Limacinoidea ← Euthecosomata Suborder
T Thysanophoridae ← Helicoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
M Tjaernoeiidae ← Tjaernoeioidea ← Mesoneura Infraclass
BF Tomichiidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Tomogeridae ← Orthalicoidea ← Orthalicoidei Infraorder
M Tomthompsoniidae ← Tomthompsonioidea ← Pleurobranchida Order
M Tonnidae ← Tonnoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
MB Tornatinidae ← Bulloidea ← Cephalaspidea Order
MBF Tornidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Trichodiscinidae ← Helicoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
T Trigonochlamydidae ← ∅ ← Limacoidei Infraorder
M Trimusculidae ← Ellobioidea ← Ellobiida Order
MB Trinchesiidae ← Fionoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Triphoridae ← Triphoroidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
T Trissexodontidae ← Helicoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
MB Tritoniidae ← Tritonioidea ← Tritonina Suborder
M Triviidae ← Velutinoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Trochaclididae ← Seguenzioidea ← Seguenziida Order
MBFT Trochidae ← Trochoidea ← Trochida Order
T Trochomorphidae ← Trochomorphoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
MBFT Truncatellidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Truncatellinidae ← Chondrinoidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
M Tudiclidae ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Turbinellidae ← Turbinelloidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M F Turbinidae ← Trochoidea ← Trochida Order
M Turcicidae ← Seguenzioidea ← Seguenziida Order
M Turridae ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M F Turritellidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Tylodinidae ← Umbraculoidea ← Umbraculida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Umbraculidae ← Umbraculoidea ← Umbraculida Order
M Unidentiidae ← Unidentioidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
T Urocoptidae ← Urocoptoidea ← [ Infraorder of Helicina ]
T Urocyclidae ← Helicarionoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
T Valloniidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
BF Valvatidae ← Valvatoidea ← "Lower Heterobranchia" Infraclass
M Vanikoridae ← Vanikoroidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Vasidae ← Turbinelloidea ← Neogastropoda Order
MB Velutinidae ← Velutinoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Vermetidae ← Vermetoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Veronicellidae ← Veronicelloidea ← Systellommatophora Order
T Vertiginidae ← Pupilloidea ← Pupilloidei Infraorder
M Vitrinellidae ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Vitrinidae ← Limacoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
F Viviparidae ← Viviparoidea ← Architaenioglossa Order
M Volutidae ← Volutoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Volutomitridae ← Turbinelloidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M Volvatellidae ← Oxynooidea ← Sacoglossa Superorder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
T Xanthonychidae ← Helicoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
M Xenocratenidae ← Fionoidea ← Aeolidina Suborder
M Xenophoridae ← Stromboidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
M Xylodisculidae ← Orbitestelloidea ← "Lower Heterobranchia" Infraclass
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
T Zachrysiidae ← Sagdoidea ← Helicoidei Infraorder
MB Zebinidae ← Rissooidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
BF Zemelanopsidae ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M Zerotulidae ← Littorinoidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
T Zonitidae ← Zonitoidea ← Limacoidei Infraorder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M [-] ← Buccinoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M [-] ← ∅ ← Cephalaspidea Order
M [-] ← Cerithioidea ← [ Order of Caenogastropoda ]
M [-] ← Conoidea ← Neogastropoda Order
M [-] ← Neomphaloidea ← Neomphalida Order
M [-] ← Seguenzioidea ← Seguenziida Order
M [-] ← Trochoidea ← Trochida Order
MB [-] ← Truncatelloidea ← Littorinimorpha Order
Conversely, the page conchyliology allows to display the ranks of all the super-families.
Bivalves : 119 families (excluding fossils).
All bivalves live only in an aquatic environment (sea, fresh or brackish water), more than 88% of the families in a marine environment. However, 41% of the genus live in fresh water (including brackish) and 59% in a marine (including brackish) environment.
These data are automatically extracted from the "Aphia" taxonomic database thanks to the web services provided by the WoRMS site (last update: January 2026).
each table has 4 columns with an header :
MBFT* Family ← Super-family ← Orderthe fourth column (parent of Superfamily) is generally "Order", but that's not always the case, so we add the rank name :
• Cyamiidae ← Cyamioidea ← Imparidentia Superorder
*MBF ⇒ (marine brackish freshwater)
Click on a letter to hide/display the ancestors of families beginning with this letter.
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Anatinellidae ← Mactroidea ← Venerida Order
MB Anomiidae ← Anomioidea ← Pectinida Order
MBF Arcidae ← Arcoidea ← Arcida Order
MB Arcticidae ← Arcticoidea ← Venerida Order
MB Astartidae ← Crassatelloidea ← Carditida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Basterotiidae ← Galeommatoidea ← Galeommatida Order
M Bathyspinulidae ← Nuculanoidea ← Nuculanida Order
M Bentholyonsiidae ← Verticordioidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
MBF Cardiidae ← Cardioidea ← Cardiida Order
M Cardiliidae ← Mactroidea ← Venerida Order
M Carditidae ← Carditoidea ← Carditida Order
M Cetoconchidae ← Poromyoidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
M Chamidae ← Chamoidea ← Venerida Order
M Clavagellidae ← Clavagelloidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
M Cleidothaeridae ← Myochamoidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
M Clistoconchidae ← Thracioidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
M Condylocardiidae ← Carditoidea ← Carditida Order
MBF Corbulidae ← Myoidea ← Myida Order
M Crassatellidae ← Crassatelloidea ← Carditida Order
M Cucullaeidae ← Arcoidea ← Arcida Order
M Cuspidariidae ← Cuspidarioidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
M Cyamiidae ← Cyamioidea ← Imparidentia Superorder
M Cyclochlamydidae ← Pectinoidea ← Pectinida Order
MBF Cyrenidae ← Cyrenoidea ← Venerida Order
BF Cyrenoididae ← Cyrenoidea ← Venerida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Dimyidae ← Dimyoidea ← Pectinida Order
MBF Donacidae ← Tellinoidea ← Cardiida Order
MBF Dreissenidae ← Dreissenoidea ← Myida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
F Etheriidae ← Etherioidea ← Unionida Order
M Euciroidae ← Verticordioidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Flemingostreidae ← Ostreoidea ← Ostreida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Gaimardiidae ← Cyamioidea ← Imparidentia Superorder
M Galatheavalvidae ← Cyamioidea ← Imparidentia Superorder
M Galeommatidae ← Galeommatoidea ← Galeommatida Order
M Gastrochaenidae ← Gastrochaenoidea ← Gastrochaenida Order
MB Glauconomidae ← Cyrenoidea ← Venerida Order
M Glossidae ← Glossoidea ← Venerida Order
M Glycymerididae ← Arcoidea ← Arcida Order
M Gryphaeidae ← Ostreoidea ← Ostreida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Halonymphidae ← Cuspidarioidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
M Hemidonacidae ← Hemidonacoidea ← Venerida Order
M Hiatellidae ← Hiatelloidea ← Adapedonta Order
F Hyriidae ← Unionoidea ← Unionida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
F Iridinidae ← Etherioidea ← Unionida Order
MB Isognomonidae ← Pterioidea ← Ostreida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Kelliellidae ← Glossoidea ← Venerida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Lametilidae ← Nuculanoidea ← Nuculanida Order
MBF Lasaeidae ← Galeommatoidea ← Galeommatida Order
M Laternulidae ← Thracioidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
M Limidae ← Limoidea ← Limida Order
M Limopsidae ← Limopsoidea ← Arcida Order
M Lucinidae ← Lucinoidea ← Lucinida Order
M Lyonsiellidae ← Verticordioidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
M F Lyonsiidae ← Pandoroidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
MBF Mactridae ← Mactroidea ← Venerida Order
M Malleidae ← Pterioidea ← Ostreida Order
M Malletiidae ← Nuculanoidea ← Nuculanida Order
M Margaritidae ← Pterioidea ← Ostreida Order
F Margaritiferidae ← Unionoidea ← Unionida Order
MBF Mesodesmatidae ← Mactroidea ← Venerida Order
MBF Modiolidae ← Mytiloidea ← Mytilida Order
F Mycetopodidae ← Etherioidea ← Unionida Order
MB Myidae ← Myoidea ← Myida Order
M Myochamidae ← Myochamoidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
MBF Mytilidae ← Mytiloidea ← Mytilida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Neilonellidae ← Nuculanoidea ← Nuculanida Order
M Neoleptonidae ← Veneroidea ← Venerida Order
M Noetiidae ← Arcoidea ← Arcida Order
M Nucinellidae ← Manzanelloidea ← Manzanellida Order
M Nuculanidae ← Nuculanoidea ← Nuculanida Order
M Nuculidae ← Nuculoidea ← Nuculida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
MB Ostreidae ← Ostreoidea ← Ostreida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Pandoridae ← Pandoroidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
M Parallelodontidae ← Arcoidea ← Arcida Order
M Parilimyidae ← Pholadomyoidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
M Pectinidae ← Pectinoidea ← Pectinida Order
M Penicillidae ← Clavagelloidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
M Periplomatidae ← Thracioidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
MBF Pharidae ← Solenoidea ← Adapedonta Order
M Phaseolidae ← Nuculanoidea ← Nuculanida Order
M Philobryidae ← Limopsoidea ← Arcida Order
MBF Pholadidae ← Pholadoidea ← Myida Order
M Pholadomyidae ← Pholadomyoidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
M Pinnidae ← Pinnoidea ← Ostreida Order
MB Placunidae ← Anomioidea ← Pectinida Order
M Plicatulidae ← Plicatuloidea ← Pectinida Order
M Poromyidae ← Poromyoidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
M Pristiglomidae ← Nuculanoidea ← Nuculanida Order
M Propeamussiidae ← Pectinoidea ← Pectinida Order
M Protocuspidariidae ← Cuspidarioidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
MB Psammobiidae ← Tellinoidea ← Cardiida Order
M Pteriidae ← Pterioidea ← Ostreida Order
M Pulvinitidae ← Pterioidea ← Ostreida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Sareptidae ← Sareptoidea ← Nuculanida Order
MB Semelidae ← Tellinoidea ← Cardiida Order
M Siliculidae ← Nuculanoidea ← Nuculanida Order
M Solecurtidae ← Tellinoidea ← Cardiida Order
M Solemyidae ← Solemyoidea ← Solemyida Order
MBF Solenidae ← Solenoidea ← Adapedonta Order
F Sphaeriidae ← Sphaerioidea ← Sphaeriida Order
M Spheniopsidae ← Cuspidarioidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
M Spondylidae ← Pectinoidea ← Pectinida Order
M Sportellidae ← Cyamioidea ← Imparidentia Superorder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
MB Tellinidae ← Tellinoidea ← Cardiida Order
MBF Teredinidae ← Pholadoidea ← Myida Order
M Thraciidae ← Thracioidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
M Thyasiridae ← Thyasiroidea ← Lucinida Order
M Tindariidae ← Nuculanoidea ← Nuculanida Order
MBF Trapezidae ← Arcticoidea ← Venerida Order
M Trigoniidae ← Trigonioidea ← Trigoniida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
MB Ungulinidae ← Ungulinoidea ← Venerida Order
F Unionidae ← Unionoidea ← Unionida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
MB Veneridae ← Veneroidea ← Venerida Order
M Verticordiidae ← Verticordioidea ← Anomalodesmata Superorder
M Vesicomyidae ← Glossoidea ← Venerida Order
M Vulsellidae ← Pterioidea ← Ostreida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Xylophagaidae ← Pholadoidea ← Myida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Yoldiidae ← Nuculanoidea ← Nuculanida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M [-] ← Pectinoidea ← Pectinida Order
Conversely, the page conchyliology allows to display the list of ranks L+2.
Cephalopods : 52 families (excluding fossils) only three of which have a shell.
Cephalopods are exclusively marine molluscs.
There is a "Genus" of squid (with only one species) that does not belong to any family :
Genus Parateuthis ← Superfamily Oegopsida incertae sedis
Parateuthis tunicata
These data are automatically extracted from the "Aphia" taxonomic database thanks to the web services provided by the WoRMS site (last update: January 2026).
each table has 4 columns with an header :
MBFT* Family ← Super-family ← Orderthe fourth column (parent of Superfamily) is generally "Order", but that's not always the case, so we add the rank name :
• Argonautidae ← Argonautoidea ← Incirrata Suborder
if there is no Superfamily, one display the empty symbol (∅) :
• Australitheutidae ← ∅ ← Myopsida Order
*MB ⇒ (marine brackish)
the gray lines in italics are families with no shellsClick on a letter to hide/display the ancestors of families beginning with this letter.
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Alloposidae ← Argonautoidea ← Incirrata Suborder
M Amphitretidae ← Octopodoidea ← Incirrata Suborder
M Ancistrocheiridae ← Enoploteuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
M Architeuthidae ← Architeuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
M Argonautidae ← Argonautoidea ← Incirrata Suborder
M Australiteuthidae ← ∅ ← Myopsida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Bathypolypodidae ← Octopodoidea ← Incirrata Suborder
M Bathyteuthidae ← Bathyteuthoidea ← Bathyteuthida Order
M Batoteuthidae ← Chiroteuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
M Brachioteuthidae ← Brachioteuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
MB Chiroteuthidae ← Chiroteuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
M Chtenopterygidae ← Bathyteuthoidea ← Bathyteuthida Order
MB Cirroctopodidae ← Opisthoteuthoidea ← Cirrata Suborder
M Cirroteuthidae ← Cirroteuthoidea ← Cirrata Suborder
M Cranchiidae ← Cranchioidea ← Oegopsida Order
M Cycloteuthidae ← Brachioteuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Eledonidae ← Octopodoidea ← Incirrata Suborder
M Enoploteuthidae ← Enoploteuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
M Enteroctopodidae ← Octopodoidea ← Incirrata Suborder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Gonatidae ← [-] ← Oegopsida Order
M Grimpoteuthidae ← Opisthoteuthoidea ← Cirrata Suborder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Histioteuthidae ← [-] ← Oegopsida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Idiosepiidae ← Idiosepioidea ← Idiosepida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Joubiniteuthidae ← Chiroteuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Lampadioteuthidae ← Enoploteuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
M Lepidoteuthidae ← Octopoteuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
M Loliginidae ← ∅ ← Myopsida Order
M Lycoteuthidae ← Enoploteuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Magnapinnidae ← Chiroteuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
M Mastigoteuthidae ← Chiroteuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
M Megaleledonidae ← Octopodoidea ← Incirrata Suborder
M Mobydickidae ← [-] ← Oegopsida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Nautilidae ← Nautiloidea ← Nautilida Order
M Neoteuthidae ← Architeuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Octopodidae ← Octopodoidea ← Incirrata Suborder
M Octopoteuthidae ← Octopoteuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
M Ocythoidae ← Argonautoidea ← Incirrata Suborder
M Ommastrephidae ← Cranchioidea ← Oegopsida Order
M Onychoteuthidae ← [-] ← Oegopsida Order
M Opisthoteuthidae ← Opisthoteuthoidea ← Cirrata Suborder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Pholidoteuthidae ← Pholidoteuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
M Promachoteuthidae ← Chiroteuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
M Psychroteuthidae ← [-] ← Oegopsida Order
M Pyroteuthidae ← Enoploteuthoidea ← Oegopsida Order
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Sepiadariidae ← Sepioloidea ← Sepiolida Order
M Sepiidae ← Sepioidea ← Sepiina Suborder
M Sepiolidae ← Sepioloidea ← Sepiolida Order
M Spirulidae ← Spiruloidea ← Spirulida Order
M Stauroteuthidae ← Cirroteuthoidea ← Cirrata Suborder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Thysanoteuthidae ← Cranchioidea ← Oegopsida Order
M Tremoctopodidae ← Argonautoidea ← Incirrata Suborder
MBFT Family ← Super-family ← Order Order
M Vampyroteuthidae ← ∅ ← Vampyromorpha Order
Conversely, the page conchyliology allows to display the list of ranks L+2.
The prospect of excessive seashell collection sometimes raises concerns among conservationists. As a result, the places most coveted by collectors are subject to strict rules to ensure the maintenance of the species sought. Unfortunately, there are still a few countries (the Philippines, for example) whose seashell trade has led to environmental degradation and a reduction in species. However, the main threat to seashell populations is the destruction of their habitat (climate change, pollution, coastal urbanization). To date, no specimen of marine molluscs is threatened with extinction, but this is not the case for terrestrial and freshwater species. Besides a storm that can send millions of molluscs to die on the beach all at once, seashell gathering is insignificant. As long as collectors preserve the seashell habitat, they are no more threatening than other predators, provided that they limit themselves to a few adult specimens of each species.
REFERENCES
french sites
english sites
personal bibliography
